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Flag of Singapore
Flag of Singapore
Name National flag of Singapore
Use Civil and state flag Civil and state flag Normal or de jure version of flag
Proportion 2:3
Adopted 3 December 1959
Design A horizontal bicolour of red over white, charged in white in the canton with a crescent facing, towards the fly, a pentagon of five stars

The national flag of Singapore was first adopted in 1959, the year Singapore became self-governing within the British Empire. It was reconfirmed as the national flag when the Republic gained independence on 9 August 1965. The design is a horizontal bicolour of red above white, charged in the canton by a white crescent moon facing, toward the fly, a pentagon of five small white five-pointed stars. The elements of the flag denote a young nation on the ascendant, universal brotherhood and equality, and national ideals.

The national flag is not used as an ensign by vessels at sea. In its place, one of three derivatives of the national flag is used, depending on a vessel's status: merchant vessels and pleasure craft fly a civil ensign of red charged in white with a variant of the crescent and stars emblem in the centre; non-military government vessels such as coast guard ships fly a state ensign of blue with the national flag in the canton, charged with an eight-pointed red and white compass rose in the lower fly; and warships fly a naval ensign similar to the state ensign, but in white with a red compass rose emblem.

Rules defined by the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act govern the use and display of the national flag. These rules have been relaxed in order to allow citizens to fly the flag from vehicles during national holidays and from homes at any time of the year.

Contents

History

The flag of Singapore from 1946 to 1959. A modification of the original Straits Settlements flag which had three crowns on it representing the settlements of Malacca, Penang and Singapore, it bore only one crown to show that Singapore was now an independent Crown Colony.

In the 19th century, Singapore was under British rule, amalgamated into the Straits Settlements together with Malacca and Penang. The flag used to represent the Settlements was a British Blue Ensign containing three gold crowns—one for each settlement—separated with a red inverted pall, which looks like an inverted Y. The Settlement of Singapore itself had no separate flag, although in 1911 the city of Singapore was granted a coat of arms which featured a lion. Soon after World War II, Singapore became an independent Crown Colony, whereupon it used a modified Straits Settlements flag that features only one crown.1

Singapore became self-governing within the British Empire on 3 June 1959.2 Six months later, upon the installation of the new Yang di-Pertuan Negara (head of state) on 3 December 1959, the national flag was officially adopted, along with the state coat of arms and the national anthem Majulah Singapura ("Onward Singapore").3 In a 1989 interview, then-Deputy Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye talked about the creation of the national flag:

[A]lthough we were self governing it was necessary right from the beginning that we should rally enough different races together as a Singapore nation... [A]part from the anthem we have to produce the flag and the crest, we insisted that it was a Singapore state flag and should be flown side by side with the Union Jack.3

The design of the flag was completed in two months. Toh initially envisaged an entirely red background for the flag, although the Cabinet decided against this, as red was regarded as a rallying point for communism.45

On 30 November 1959, the Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 19596 was passed to regulate the use and display of the State Arms and State Flag and the performance of the National Anthem. When presenting the motion to the Legislative Assembly of Singapore on 11 November 1959, Sinnathamby Rajaratnam, the Minister for Culture, stated: "National flags, crest and anthem express symbolically the hopes and ideals of a people... The possession of a national flag and crest is, for a people, symbolic of self-respect."7 The flag was reconfirmed as the national flag upon Singapore's full independence on 9 August 1965.4

Design

The Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules define the flag's composition and the symbolism of its elements: red symbolises "universal brotherhood and equality of man", and white, "pervading and everlasting purity and virtue". The waxing crescent moon "represents a young nation on the ascendant". The five stars "stand for the nation's ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice and equality".8

The ratio of the flag is two units high by three units wide. For the manufacturing of flags, the Government of Singapore recommends a few sizes and suggests that the shade of red used on the flag be Pantone 032.9 According to guidelines published by the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA), the flag may be reproduced in any size and displayed at all times, but it must be in its specified proportions and colours.10 MICA recommends the sizes 915 by 1,370 millimetres (approx. 36 by 54 inches), 1,220 by 1,830 mm (approx. 48 by 72 in) and 1,830 by 2,740 mm (approx. 72 by 108 in).9

Usage guidelines

Spectators with national flags at the 2007 National Day Parade

Previously, the flag was used exclusively by government departments and educational institutions, and could only be flown by individuals and non-governmental organisations during the month of August to mark National Day, on 9 August.9 In 2004, these restrictions were alleviated to allow the flag to be flown under certain conditions— year-round. A statement from the Ministry of Information and the Arts (now MICA, the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts) said that "[t]he national flag, national anthem and Singapore lion head... are our most visible symbols of our sovereignty, pride and honour" and urged Singaporeans to use those "rallying" symbols to "identify with the nation".11 No rationale was provided for the changes, though it was noted by BBC News correspondents that the government had recently been trying to rally patriotic sentiments dampened by economic issues. (In 2003, unemployment in Singapore reached a 17-year-high of 5.9%, and the Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in East Asia seriously affected the island's tourist trade, causing Singapore Airlines to suffer a financial loss for the first time in its history.)11

A Singapore Airlines Boeing 777 displaying the national flag

In 2006, following requests by Singaporeans, guidelines for the use of the flag were further relaxed to give residents a variety of opportunities to express their loyalty to Singapore during National Day celebrations. MICA permitted them to display the flag on vehicles and on themselves or belongings with minimal restrictions, from the middle of July to the end of August for a trial period.12 The period was extended in 2007 to three months from July to September.1013

Proper use and display

Singaporeans, government and non-governmental organisations may display or fly the national flag throughout the year to identify themselves with the nation. Singaporeans are especially encouraged to do this during occasions of national celebration or national significance.10 The use and display of the flag is governed by Part III of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules14 made under the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act.15 It is an offence to knowingly contravene specified provisions of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules; the penalty is a fine not exceeding S$1,000.16

In general

A giant Singapore flag suspended from a CH-47 Chinook helicopter and accompanied by two Boeing AH-64D Longbow Apaches during a National Day Parade rehearsal on 29 July 2006.

The Singaporean government dictates that no person can treat the national flag with disrespect,17 such as allowing the flag to touch the ground.18 The flag must not be displayed below any other flag, emblem or object;19 dipped in salute to any person or thing;20 or displayed or carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free.21

Within Singapore, the national flag takes precedence over all other flags, subject to international practice.22 As such, when it is displayed or flown with other flags, it must be in a position of honour; that is, it should be positioned, where practical, either above all other flags or, if displayed side by side with other flags on the same level, to the left of the other flags (as seen by a person facing the flags).23 When the flag is raised or carried in a procession with other flags, it must be done so in front of the other flags in a single file, or on the right as seen by the standard bearers if the flags are carried side by side24 (that is, on the left as seen by the viewer). The standard bearer must carry the flag high on his or her right shoulder.25 When the flag is displayed on a platform or stage, it must be above all decorations and be behind and above any person speaking from the platform or stage. If it is displayed from a staff standing on the platform or stage, it must be on the right side of the person speaking from the platform or stage.26 Finally, when the flag is hung, it must be hung against a vertical wall or other vertical flat surface, with the crescent and stars on the top left position as seen by any spectator facing the flag and the wall or surface.27

United States President George W. Bush addressing U.S. Embassy staff in Singapore on 16 November 2006. Note the national flag behind him is defaced with the Lion Symbol numerous times.

When the flag is displayed outside a building, it shall be displayed on or in front of the building only from a flagpole.28 If the flag is flown at night, it should be properly illuminated.29 The flag must not be displayed on any motor vehicle except on one in which the President of Singapore or any Government minister is travelling on official business.30 The flag may not be displayed on any private vessel or aircraft.31 No person may use or apply the flag or any image of it for any commercial purposes or as part of any furnishing, decoration, covering or receptacle,32 except in such circumstances as may be approved (by MICA) in which there is no disrespect for the flag.33 Further, it is not permitted to use the flag as part of any trademark,34 or to produce or display any flag which bears any graphics or word superimposed on the design of the national flag.35 The flag or any image of it may also not be used or applied as or as part of any costume or attire.36

The Government may ask for the flag to be lowered to half-mast in the event of the death of an important person or for national mourning.37 No person is permitted to use the flag at any private funeral ceremony.38 However, the national flag can be draped on a coffin during a military or state funeral.39 No person may display any flag that is damaged or dirty.40 Any worn out or damaged flag should be packed into a sealed black trash bag before being disposed and not left visible in dustbins.10

During the National Day celebrations period

During the National Day celebrations period (1 July— 30 September), the rules governing the flying of the national flag outside buildings need not be observed.41 The flag may be displayed on any vehicle (other than a hearse), vessel or aircraft,42 and may be incorporated as part of any costume or attire, so long as this is done in a manner that does not give rise to any disrespect to the flag.43

Use of the national flag

The national flag displayed underneath a window, photographed on Singapore's National Day (9 August) in 2006.

During National Day celebrations

Singaporeans are encouraged to display the national flag outside their homes during National Day celebrations, and residents' committees, particularly those of public housing estates, often arrange co-ordinated displays. However, some Singaporeans decline to display the flag as they associate it with the People's Action Party, the ruling party in Parliament, rather than with the nation.44

On National Day (9 August) 2007 at the Padang, 8,667 volunteers holding up red and white umbrellas formed the largest ever representation of Singapore's flag at an event organised by Young NTUC, a youth movement associated with the National Trades Union Congress.45

At other times

The national flag, along with banners, flown at Istana Park

Outside the National Day celebrations period, the national flag of Singapore is flown from all buildings housing government and government-related departments, such as armed forces installations, court houses, offices, and educational institutions. A picture of the flag is commonly found in each classroom, and schools conduct ceremonies at the beginning and the end of the school day at which the national flag is raised and lowered, the national anthem is sung and the national pledge is taken.46

The national flag is sometimes flown by Singapore-registered vessels, although this is considered incorrect, as such vessels are required to hoist proper national colours either when entering or leaving port.47 The ensign is red and charged with a circle enclosing a crescent surmounted by five stars in a circle, all in white.48 The national flag is not used by coast guard ships and military warships; both classes of ships have their own specific ensigns.

The Singapore Government makes announcements regarding the lowering of the flag to half-mast in the event of a death of an important personage or mourning affecting the nation. The flag has been flown at half-mast during the funerals of former presidents and senior politicians,49 and on 9 January 2005 as a mark of respect for those who perished in the 2004 Asian Tsunami disaster.50

In culture

In 1969, Singaporean composer Lim Su Chong composed a song entitled Five Stars Arising which took the elements of the national flag as its theme. The lyrics of the song speak of a new moon, five stars and a new flag "arising out of the stormy sea". The moon is "[y]outhful and bright and bearing hope, and tranquil as can be", each of the stars is "a lamp to guide our way; a lamp for all to see" and the flag is "[c]rimson as the blood of all mankind, yet white and pure and free".51 The song is often sung during National Day celebrations.

In January 2003, Singaporean artist Justin Lee Chee Kong was prevented by the Media Development Authority (MDA) from exhibiting a painting entitled Double Happiness— A Fantasy in Red, which consisted of an image of the Singapore flag with various red images of the Chinese characters for double happiness. The move was made on the grounds that "the National Flag is a national symbol and no words or graphics should be superimposed on it". Lee reported that the work was simply a display of one's love for their country and an expression of joy at Singapore's success, and in a press statement, he asked that the piece be "treated as an artistic and complimentary interpretation of a national icon". When interviewed by The New Paper, he said "I know as a citizen that we are not allowed to do it, but this is art and I am an artist."52 He also complained about double standards as a Chinese artist, Gu Wen Da, had recently exhibited a national flag made of hair at the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay. Lee felt the use of hair to create the nation's flag meant that the flag was in the wrong colours, and was distasteful.52

In August 2007, a Singaporean pub, Loof, sent an electronic direct mailer to at least 1,500 members on its mailing list featuring a close-up shot of the crotch of a female model wearing a red swimsuit or pair of underpants bearing the crescent and five stars of the national flag. This was done as part of the pub's publicity campaign for its National Day events. According to Loof's marketing manager, "[T]he ad was definitely not meant as an insult to the country or anyone. I hope that the ad will be taken in the spirit of humour and fun." A majority of people polled by The New Paper felt the advertisement was disrespectful and in bad taste. MICA said that the advertisement did not breach the law as it only reproduced some components of the flag— it did not, for example, incorporate the flag's red and white background together. However, K.U. Menon, director of MICA's National Resilience Division, said: "MICA does not encourage such ads which treat the national flag with disrespect. [...] Symbols should be treated with some measure of dignity and we hope Loof will withdraw the ad on its own initiative."53

Other flags of Singapore

See also: List of Singaporean flags

In addition to the national flag and ensigns, there are other flags used for official purposes.

Flag Description
The standard of the President of Singapore The standard used by the President of Singapore is a modification of the national flag. The crescent and the stars are bigger and centred on a field of red. According to the Istana, the Office of the President of Singapore, the red background and the crescent and stars have the same symbolism as in the national flag. The standard is flown at the Istana from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm or until the President has left for his private residence.54
The civil ensign of Singapore

Flag for private sea use

 A special ensign is used for Singapore-registered civilian ships. The Red Ensign of Singapore is a red flag charged with a crescent and five stars, surrounded by a ring. The ratio of the width to the length of the ensign is one to two. According to the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA), this ensign should to be used on Singapore ships instead of the national flag. In a 1999 marine circular, the MPA reminded that masters, owners and officers of ships that those who do not use the Red Ensign risk being fined under the Merchant Shipping Act (Cap. 179, 1996 Rev. Ed.).48
The Republic of Singapore Navy ensign

Flag for military sea use

 The Singapore Naval Force Ensign was introduced in 1967 by the Ministry of Defence, and is used on all vessels owned by the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). According to a construction sheet issued by the Ministry entitled Singapore Naval Force Ensign and numbered Misc. 1 of 1967: "The Singapore Naval Force Ensign shall be a white ensign with the top left hand quarter of red charged with a crescent sided by five stars in a circle all in white and an eight pointed red star with narrow white lines inserted within the star in the lower right hand quarter. The ratio of the width to the length of ensign shall be one by two. The crescent and stars are from the State Flag and the eight pointed star represents the mariner’s compass."55 This ensign formally replaced the Blue Ensign (pictured below) during a ceremony at Telok Ayer Basin.56
The Government ensign of Singapore

Flag for public sea use

 The Government Ensign is used by non-military governmental ships.56 The Police Coast Guard uses this ensign on the back of its patrol boats. The construction of the ensign is the same as the Naval Ensign, with the exception of the field color. The mariner's compass also is a mixture of alternating red and white segments. The ensign was presented to the Legislative Assembly on 24 December 1960 as Misc. 6 of 1960.

Notes

  1. ^ "Singapore, Flag of". Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). Retrieved on 2008-09-14.
  2. ^ Wheatley, Paul; Kernial Singh Sandhu, Hussein Alatas, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1067. ISBN 9789813035423. 
  3. ^ a b Toh, Chin Chye (1989), Dr. Toh Chin Chye [oral history interview, accession no. A1063, reel 1], National Archives of Singapore : "State symbols". Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  4. ^ a b "National Symbols and References: The National Flag". Singapore Infomap. Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (2004). Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  5. ^ Zaubidah Mohamed (2004-12-18). "The national flag of Singapore". Singapore Infopedia, National Library Board. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  6. ^ Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 (No. 70 of 1959), now the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (Cap. 296, 1985 Rev. Ed.).
  7. ^ "State symbols". Access to Archives Online (a2o), National Archives of Singapore. Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  8. ^ Second Schedule of the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules (Cap. 296, R 1, 2004 Rev. Ed.), as amended by the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem (Amendment) Rules 2007 (S 377/2007). See also Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. Singapore: Times Editions. pp. 342–343. ISBN 9812049835 (hbk.). 
  9. ^ a b c Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (2001). The National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. 
  10. ^ a b c d "National Symbols and References: The National Flag— Guidelines". Singapore Infomap. Ministry of Information, Communication and the Arts. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
  11. ^ a b "Singaporeans urged to fly the flag", BBC News (2004-01-03).  See also "Singapore loosens controls on flag-waving", Financial Times (2004-01-03). 
  12. ^ Noor Mohd Aziz (2006-07-10). "Rules relaxed for flying national flag", Channel NewsAsia. 
  13. ^ "Singapore Government media release: Displaying the national flag during National Day celebrations 2007". National Resilience Division, Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (2007-07-17). Retrieved on 2007-11-04. See also "National Day celebrations extended by a month till end-Sep". Yahoo! Asia News (2007-07-17). Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  14. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules (Cap. 296, R 1, 2004 Rev. Ed.), as amended by the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem (Amendment) Rules 2007 (S 377/2007).
  15. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Act (Cap. 296, 1985 Rev. Ed.).
  16. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 14(2). The rule states: "Any person who knowingly — (a) does any act in relation to the Flag in contravention of the provisions of rule 5, 6, 7, 9(1), (2), (3) or (4) or 10(1); or (b) contravenes rule 8 or 9(6) in relation to the Flag, shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000." Treating the Flag with disrespect is a separate offence under r. 14(4), which states: "Any person, who without reasonable excuse, contravenes rule 4... shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $1,000." An authorised officer may compound these offences by collecting from the person reasonably suspected of having committed the offence a sum of money not exceeding S$500: Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem (Composition of Offences) Rules 2007 (S 378/2007).
  17. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 4(1).
  18. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 4(2).
  19. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(4).
  20. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(8).
  21. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(6).
  22. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(1).
  23. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(2) and r. 7(9)(a) (definition of "position of honour").
  24. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(3)(a) and r. 7(9)(b) (definition of "position of honour").
  25. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(3)(b).
  26. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(5).
  27. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 7(7).
  28. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 5(1).
  29. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 5(2).
  30. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 6(1).
  31. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 6(2).
  32. ^ "Receptacle" includes paper, plastic and refuse bags: r. 9(8).
  33. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 9(1).
  34. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 9(2).
  35. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 9(6). This rule does not apply to the production by or on behalf of, or the display by, any Government department of its flag: r. 9(7).
  36. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 9(4).
  37. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 10.
  38. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 9(3).
  39. ^ (PDF)Our Army Customs and Traditions. Singapore: Ministry of Defence. 2006. pp. 127. http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resources/e-books/ebklist.-imindefPars-0022-DownloadFile.tmp/ourArmyCustomsTraditions.pdf. 
  40. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 8.
  41. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 5(3).
  42. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 6(3).
  43. ^ Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules, r. 9(5).
  44. ^ Leong, Laurence Wai-Teng (December 2001), "Consuming the Nation: National Day Parades in Singapore" (PDF), New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 3 (2): 5 at 14, http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec01/Leong.pdf 
  45. ^ "Mass participation— communities: Largest national flag formed by umbrellas". The Singapore Book of Records (2007-08-09). Retrieved on 2007-11-03. "Think BIG on National Day 2007!". Young NTUC (2007-08-09). Retrieved on 2007-11-03.
  46. ^ See, for instance, the following: para. 22 of Lee, Hsien Loong (1997-05-17). "National Education: Speech by BG Lee Hsien Loong, Deputy Prime Minister at the launch of National Education on Saturday 17 May 1997 at TCS TV Theatre at 9.30 am". Ministry of Education. Retrieved on 2007-11-04. Paragraph 18 of Teo, Chee Hean (2003-07-08). "Getting the fundamentals right: Speech by RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Education and Second Minister for Defence at the NIE Teachers Investiture Ceremony at 2.30 pm on 8 Jul 2003 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium". Ministry of Education. Retrieved on 2007-11-04. Paragraph 3 of "Press release: Submission of proposals for privately-funded schools". Ministry of Education (2006-06-05). Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  47. ^ Section 37(1) of the Merchant Shipping Act (Cap. 179, 1996 Rev. Ed.). A master of a Singapore ship who fails without reasonable cause to comply with this section is guilty of an offence and is liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding S$1,000: s. 37(2). If any distinctive national colours other than the government ensign are hoisted on board any Singapore ship without official consent, the master of the ship or the owner if on board the ship— as well as every other person hoisting the colours— are guilty of an offence, and are liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding S$1,000: s. 36(2).
  48. ^ a b Lee Seng Kong (Director of Marine) (20 July 1999). "National colours for Singapore ships (MC No. 13 of 1999)". Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore. Retrieved on 2008-12-04.
  49. ^ For instance, after the death of former Second Deputy Prime Minister (1980–1985) and later Senior Minister (1985–1988) S. Rajaratnam on 22 February 2006, the national flag was flown at half-mast on all government buildings from 23 February to 25 February 2006.
  50. ^ A national minute of silence was also observed on that date after a memorial service at about 6:00 pm, marked by the sounding of Public Warning System alerts by the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF): "One minute of silence to be observed throughout Singapore; SCDF will sound alert". Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (republished on Getforme Singapore Online) (2005-01-07). Retrieved on 2007-11-04.
  51. ^ "Five Stars Arising". Sing Singapore (2005). Retrieved on 2007-10-16. See also List of Singaporean patriotic songs.
  52. ^ a b Teo, Faith (2003-01-25). "Art on the flag: A publicity stunt?", The New Paper. Retrieved on 4 November 2007. 
  53. ^ Au Yong, Esther (2007-08-12). "Popular bar slammed for cheeky use of stars & crescent of S'pore flag", The New Paper. Retrieved on 4 November 2007. 
  54. ^ "Ceremonies and Protocol – The Presidential Standard". The Istana, Office of the President of the Republic of Singapore (17 April 2008). Retrieved on 2008-12-03.
  55. ^ Herman Felani (1 November 2003). "War Ensign (Singapore)". Flags of the World. Retrieved on 2008-12-07.
  56. ^ a b Choy Choi Kee (7 May 1997, last updated 16 December 2008). "1967 – Beginnings of the Singapore Navy". This Month in History. Joint Manpower Department, Ministry of Defence. Retrieved on 2008-12-24.

References

Further reading

Articles

Books

  • Singapore Legislative Assembly (1959). State Arms and Flag and National Anthem of Singapore (Legislative Assembly (New Series) Misc. 2 of 1959). Singapore: Printed at the Government Printing Office. 
  • State Arms & Flag of Singapore. Singapore: Publicity Division, Ministry of Culture. 1977. 
  • Crampton, William (1992). The World of Flags : A Pictorial History (Rev. ed. ed.). London: Studio Editions. p. 88. 
  • The National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Prepared by Programmes Section, Ministry of Information and the Arts. 1999.  A kit on the key symbols of Singapore consisting of eight fact sheets, one booklet, one CD and one national flag.

Other media

External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Flags of Singapore


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