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Elysia pusilla feeds on the green alga Halimeda and incorporates chloroplasts into its body.

Kleptoplasty or kleptoplastidy is a symbiotic phenomenon whereby plastids from algae are sequestered by host organisms. The alga is eaten normally and partially digested, leaving the plastid intact. The plastids are maintained within the host, temporarily retaining functional photosynthesis for use by the predator.1 The term was coined in 1990 to describe chloroplast symbiosis.23

The stability of transient plastids varies considerably across plastid-retaining species. In the dinoflagellates Gymnodinium spp. and Pfisteria piscicida, kleptoplastids are photosynthetically active for only a few days, while kleptoplastids in Dinophysis spp. and Myrionecta rubra can be stable for 2 months.1 For heterotrophic dinoflagellates, kleptoplasty has been hypothesized to represent either a mechanism permitting functional flexibility in dinoflagellates, or perhaps an early evolutionary stage in the permanent acquisition of chloroplasts.4

Several species of Sacoglossan sea slugs capture intact, functional chloroplasts from algal food sources, retaining them within specialized cells lining the mollusc's digestive diverticula. The longest known kleptoplastic association, which can last up to ten months, is found in Elysia chlorotica,2 which acquires chloroplasts by eating the alga Vaucheria litorea, storing the chloroplasts in the cells that line its gut.5 Juvenile sea slugs establish the kleptoplastic endosymbiosis when feeding on algal cells, sucking out the cell contents and discarding everything except the chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are phagocytosed by digestive cells, filling extensively branched digestive tubules, providing their host with the products of photosynthesis.6

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Minnhagen S, Carvalho WF, Salomon PS, Janson S (September 2008). "Chloroplast DNA content in Dinophysis (Dinophyceae) from different cell cycle stages is consistent with kleptoplasty". Environ. Microbiol. 10 (9): 2411–7. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01666.x. PMID 18518896, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1462-2912&date=2008&volume=10&issue=9&spage=2411. Retrieved on 24 November 2008. 
  2. ^ a b S. K. Pierce, S. E. Massey, J. J. Hanten, and N. E. Curtis (June 1 2003). "Horizontal Transfer of Functional Nuclear Genes Between Multicellular Organisms". Biol. Bull. 204 (3): 237 - 240, http://www.biolbull.org/cgi/content/abstract/201/1/34. Retrieved on 24 November 2008. 
  3. ^ Clark, K. B., K. R. Jensen, and H. M. Strits (1990). "Survey of functional kleptoplasty among West Atlantic Ascoglossa (=Sacoglossa) (Mollusca: Opistobranchia).". The Veliger 33: 339–345. ISSN 0042-3211. 
  4. ^ Gast RJ, Moran DM, Dennett MR, Caron DA (January 2007). "Kleptoplasty in an Antarctic dinoflagellate: caught in evolutionary transition?". Environ. Microbiol. 9 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01109.x. PMID 17227410, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1462-2912&date=2007&volume=9&issue=1&spage=39. Retrieved on 24 November 2008. 
  5. ^ Catherine Brahic (24 November 2008). "Solar-powered sea slug harnesses stolen plant genes". New Scientist. Retrieved on 24 November 2008.
  6. ^ "SymBio: Introduction-Kleptoplasty". University of Maine. Retrieved on 2008-11-24.

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