This pages lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing.
| Gloss |
Meaning |
| › |
direction of transitivity (2›3 means 2 acts on 3) |
| 0 |
zero, covert morpheme
(such as gender in a language where the word doesn't show it) |
| 1 |
first person |
| 2 |
second person |
| 3 |
third person |
| A |
agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb |
| ABE |
abessive case (AKA caritive case or privative case: 'without') |
| ABL |
ablative case ('from') |
| ABS |
absolutive case |
| ACC |
accusative case |
| ACT |
active voice, actor role |
| ADJ |
adjective |
| ADE |
adessive case ('at'; more specific than LOC) |
| ADM |
admonitive mood (warning) |
| ADV |
adverb(ial), adverbial case |
| AFF |
affirmative mood |
| AG |
agentive case (cf ACT) |
| AGR |
agreement |
| ALL |
allative case ('to') |
| AN |
animate gender (cf R) |
| AND |
andative (going towards: cf venitive) |
| ANT |
anterior (used for PRF in some traditions) |
| ANTE |
antessive case ('before') |
| ANTIC |
anticausative |
| ANTIP, AP |
antipassive voice |
| AP, ANTIP |
antipassive voice |
| APP |
apposition |
| APL |
applicative voice (= APPL) |
| ART |
article |
| ASP |
aspect |
| ASS |
associative case (= COM), assumptive mood |
| AT |
agent trigger |
| ATT |
attenuative |
| AUD |
auditory evidential |
| AUG |
augmentative |
| AUX |
auxiliary verb |
| B |
core benefactive |
| BE |
'be' verb (a conflation of EXIST and COP) |
| BEN |
benefactive case ('for') |
| C |
common gender |
| CAP |
(cap)ability, modal case |
| CAUS |
causative |
| CENT |
centric case |
| CF |
counterfactual conditional |
| CIRC |
circumfix |
| CIT |
citation form |
| CL, CLF |
classifier |
| CNJ |
conjunction (= CONJ) |
| CNSQ |
consequential |
| COL |
collective |
| COM |
comitative case ('together with') |
| COMP |
comparative; complementizer |
| COMPL |
completive aspect |
| CONC |
concessive |
| COND |
conditional mood |
| CONJ |
conjunction (= CNJ) |
| CONN |
connective particle |
| CONT |
continuative aspect |
| CNTR |
contrastive |
| COP |
copula |
| COR |
coreference |
| CRAS |
crastinal tense ('tomorrow') |
| CRS |
current relevance marker (as in the perfect) |
| CVB |
converb |
| D |
core dative case |
| DAT |
dative case |
| DE |
different event, change of event (cf DS) |
| DECL |
declarative mood |
| DEF |
definite |
| DEI |
deixis, deictic |
| DEL |
delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later) |
| DEL |
delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood |
| DEM |
demonstrative |
| DEO |
deontic mood |
| DEP |
dependent (as in DEP.FUT) |
| DES |
desiderative mood |
| DEST |
destinative aspect |
| DET |
determiner |
| DH |
motion downhill, seaward (cf DR) |
| DIM |
diminutive |
| DIR |
direct evidential (= EXP); directional (= LAT); direct case |
| DISJ |
disjunction |
| DIST |
distal demonstrative |
| DISTR |
distributive case |
| DLM |
delimited |
| DM |
discourse marker |
| DO |
direct object |
| DR |
motion downriver (cf DH) |
| DS |
different-subject (change of subject) marker (cf DE) |
| DU |
dual number |
| DUB |
dubitative mood |
| DUR |
durative aspect, continuous aspect |
| DYN |
dynamic aspect |
| E |
epenthetic morpheme |
| -E |
(used to form various -essive cases) |
| ELA |
elative case ('out of') |
| EMP |
emphatic |
| EPIS |
epistemic mood, epistemic modality |
| ERG |
ergative case |
| ESS |
essive case |
| EVID |
evidential |
| EVIT |
evitative case (= aversive case) |
| EX, EXCL |
exclusive person |
| EX.DUR |
excessive duration |
| EXIST |
existential ('there is') |
| EXO |
exocentric case |
| EXP |
experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential |
| F, FEM |
feminine gender |
| FACT |
factive evidential |
| FAM |
familiar register (as the T-V distinction) |
| FIN |
finite verb |
| FOC |
focus |
| FORM |
formal register (as the T-V distinction) |
| FP |
final particle (joshi) |
| FREQ |
frequentative aspect |
| FMR |
former, deceased |
| FUT |
future tense |
| G |
gender (G4 = 4th gender) |
| GEN |
genitive case |
| GER |
gerund |
| GNO |
gnomic tense (generic mood) |
| HAB |
habitual aspect |
| HBL |
humble register |
| HEST |
hesternal tense ('yesterday') |
| HIST |
historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense |
| HOD |
hodiernal tense ('today') |
| HON |
honorific |
| HORT |
hortative, |
| HSY |
hearsay, reported evidential |
| HUM |
human, anthropic gender (cf. HBL; R) |
| HYP |
hypothetical mood |
| I |
inflected |
| ID |
identical (~ NID) |
| IDENTIF |
identifiable |
| IGNOR |
ignorative |
| ILL |
illative case ('into') |
| IMM |
immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense |
| IMP |
imperative mood |
| IMPERF |
imperfective aspect (= NPFV) |
| IMPREC |
imprecative mood |
| IMPRS |
impersonal verb |
| IN, INCL |
inclusive person |
| INAN |
inanimate gender |
| INCHO |
inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect |
| INCL |
inclusive person (= IN) |
| IND |
indicative mood |
| INDF |
indefinite |
| INE |
inessive case ('in') |
| INF |
infinitive |
| INFER |
inferential evidential |
| INEL |
inelative case ('from within') |
| INS |
instrumental case |
| INT |
intensifier; interrogative (= Q) |
| INTEN |
intentional |
| INTR |
intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) |
| INV |
inverse |
| IO |
indirect object |
| IPFV |
imperfective aspect |
| IRR |
irrealis mood |
| IS |
indirect speech |
| ITER |
iterative aspect |
| JUS |
jussive mood |
| -L |
(used to form various -lative cases) |
| L2 |
second language (code switching) |
| LAT |
lative case (= MVMT, direction) |
| LD |
locative case + directional |
| LK |
linker |
| LOC |
locative case (includes essive case) |
| M, MASC |
masculine gender |
| MAN |
manner |
| MID |
middle voice |
| MIM |
mimetic |
| MIR |
(ad)mirative |
| MOD |
mood, modal, modal case |
| MVT |
movement |
| N, NEUT |
neuter gender |
| N- |
non- (e.g. NSG non-singular, NPST non-past) |
| NEG |
negation, negative |
| NMZ |
nominalizer/nominalization |
| NOM |
nominative case |
| NS |
non-subject (Latin 'oblique' case) |
| NUM |
numeral |
| OBJ |
object |
| OBL |
oblique case |
| OBV |
obviative |
| OPT |
optative mood |
| P |
patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb |
| P |
pre-, post- (P.HOD prehodiernal) |
| PART |
participle (= PTCP,PCP); particle (= PTCL); partitive case (= PTV) |
| PAS(S) |
passive voice |
| PAT |
patientive (= UND) |
| PAU |
paucal number |
| PEG |
pegative case (a special case for the giver) |
| PER |
perlative case ('per', using) |
| PERF, PRF |
perfect aspect |
| PERS |
personal |
| PFV |
perfective aspect |
| PL |
plural |
| PM |
phrase marker |
| PN |
pronoun |
| PO |
primary object |
| POL |
polite register |
| POS, POSS |
possessive marker |
| POST |
postposition, postpositional case |
| POSTE |
postessive case ('after') |
| POT |
potential mood (a possible conditional) |
| PP |
past participle |
| PPFV |
past perfective |
| PR |
proper noun |
| PRED |
predicative |
| PREC |
precative mood (requests) |
| PREP |
preposition, prepositional case |
| PRES, PRS |
present tense |
| PRESP |
present participle |
| PRET |
preterite (= PFV.PST) |
| PRF, PERF |
perfect aspect (= ANT) |
| PRS, PRES |
present tense |
| PROB |
probability |
| PROG |
progressive aspect |
| PROH |
prohibitive mood ('don't!') |
| PROL |
prolative case (= VIA) |
| PROT |
protasis |
| PROX |
proximal/proximate |
| PST |
past tense |
| PT |
patient trigger |
| PTCL |
particle |
| PTCP,PCP |
participle |
| PTV |
partitive case ('some of') |
| PURP |
purposive |
| Q |
question word or particle (= INT) |
| QUOT |
quotative case (marks quoted speech) |
| R |
rational gender (thinking beings) |
| REAL |
realis mood |
| REC |
recent past tense |
| RECP |
reciprocal voice |
| REF |
referential |
| REFL |
reflexive voice |
| REL |
relative(izer) |
| REM |
remote past tense |
| REP |
reported evidential (= HSY); repetitive (cf ITER) |
| RES |
resultative; resumptive |
| S |
single argument of canonical intransitive verb (cf CIT) |
| SBJ, SUB |
subject |
| SBJV, SJV |
subjunctive mood |
| SE |
same event (cf SS) |
| SEM |
semelfactive aspect ('once') |
| SENS |
sensory evidential mood (= VIS+AUD |
| SEQ |
sequential |
| SG |
singular (but 1.SG = 1s, 3MASC.SG = 3ms) |
| SGV |
singulative number |
| SIM |
simultaneous aspect |
| SJV, SBJV |
subjunctive mood |
| SPEC |
specifier; speculative mood |
| SS |
same-subject (cf SE) |
| STAT |
stative aspect, stative verb |
| SUB |
subject |
| SUBR, SUBORD |
subordinator |
| SUBE |
subessive case ('under') |
| SUBL |
sublative case ('onto', 'down onto') |
| SUP(L) |
superlative (SUPL); supine |
| SUPE |
superessive case ('on') |
| -T |
trigger (used for AT, PT) |
| TAM |
tense, aspect, or mood |
| TEL |
telic aspect (cf PFV) |
| TEMP |
temporal case |
| TERM |
terminative case |
| TNS |
tense |
| TOP |
topic |
| TR, TRANS |
transitive verb |
| TRANSL |
translative case (becoming) |
| TRI |
trial number |
| TVF |
truth-value focus |
| U |
uninflected |
| UH |
motion uphill, inland (cf UR) |
| UND |
undergoer role (cf PAT) |
| UR |
motion upriver (cf UH) |
| V |
verb(al) |
| VBZ |
verbalizer |
| VEN |
venitive (coming towards; cf andative) |
| VER |
veridical mood (a certain conditional) |
| VIA |
vialis case |
| VIS |
visible, visual |
| VI |
verb intransitive |
| VN |
verbal noun |
| VOC |
vocative case |
| VOL |
volitive mood |
| VT |
verb transitive |
| -Z |
(used to form -(al)izer glosses) |
| ZO |
zoic gender (animals) |
