Micro black hole.html



Micro black holes, are tiny hypothetical black holes also called quantum mechanical black holes or mini black holes, for which quantum mechanical effects play an important role. In principle, a black hole can have any mass significantly above the Planck mass. In 1974 Stephen Hawking argued that due to quantum effects, such black holes "evaporate" by a process now referred to as Hawking Radiation in which elementary particles (photons, electrons, quarks, gluons, etc.) are emitted. His calculations show that the smaller the size of the black hole, the faster the evaporation rate, resulting in a sudden burst of particles as the micro black hole suddenly explodes. It is possible that such quantum primordial black holes were created in the high-density environment of the early universe (or big bang), or possibly through subsequent phase transitions. Primordial black holes of initial masses around 10¹⁵ grams would be completing their evaporation today; lighter primoridal black holes would have already evaporated. In optimistic circumstances, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope satellite, launched in June of 2008, might detect experimental evidence for evaporation of nearby black holes by observing gamma ray bursts.¹²

It has been argued³ that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) could produce one of these micro black holes. Although the Standard Model of particle physics predicts that LHC energies are far too low to create black holes, some extensions of the Standard Model posit the existence of extra spatial dimensions, in which it would be possible to create micro black holes at the LHC⁴⁵⁶ at a rate on the order of one per second. According to the standard calculations these are harmless because they would quickly decay by Hawking radiation.⁷

Explanation

Smallest possible black hole

It is believed that the smallest mass a black hole could have without quantum effects eliminating any such description is of the order of the Planck mass, which is about 2 × 10⁻⁸ kg or 1.1 × 10¹⁹ GeV/c². At this scale the black hole thermodynamic formulae predict the mini-black hole would have an entropy of only 4π nats; a Hawking temperature of T_P / 8π (5.6×10³² K), requiring thermal energy quanta comparable in energy to almost the mass of the entire mini black hole; and a Compton wavelength equal to the black hole's Schwarzschild radius (this distance being equal to the Planck length). This is the point where a classical gravitational description of the object stops being retrievable with merely small quantum corrections, but in effect completely breaks down.

The existence of a small black hole of this mass is purely hypothetical but if primordial black holes exist, they might reach this condition as the final stage of runaway evaporation due to Hawking radiation. If Hawking Radiation is real, then small black holes would radiate away matter as pairs of virtual particles emerge from the vacuum near the event horizon, with one falling into the black hole, and the other wandering away, with the net result that the black hole loses mass [due to conservation of energy. Under Hawking's theory, this "evaporation" rate would increase as the black hole lost mass, until it approached the Planck mass.

If intuitions about quantum black holes are correct, then close to the Planck mass the number of possible quantum states of the black hole is expected to become so few and so quantised that its interactions are likely to be quenched out. It is possible that such Planck-mass black holes, no longer able either to absorb energy gravitationally like a Classical black hole because of the quantised gaps between their allowed energy levels, nor to emit Hawking particles for the same reason, may in effect be stable objects.

Creation of micro black holes

Under standard theories, such an energy to produce a micro black hole is orders of magnitude greater than that which can be produced on Earth in particle accelerators such as the LHC (maximum about 1.15 × 10⁶ GeV), or detected in cosmic ray collisions in our atmosphere. It is estimated^{citation needed} that to collide two aggregates of fermions to within a distance of a Planck length with the currently achievable magnetic field strength would require a ring accelerator about 1000 light years in diameter to keep the aggregates on track. Even if it were possible, any collision product would be immensely unstable, and almost immediately disintegrate.^{citation needed}

Some string theorists have suggested that the multiple dimensions postulated by string theory might make the effective strength of gravity many orders of magnitude stronger at small distances (very high energies). This might effectively lower the Planck energy, and perhaps make black-hole-like descriptions valuable at even lower masses such as those which are reachable at the LHC.⁸⁹¹⁰ This higher-dimensional component to gravity is, however, purely theoretical as of 2008.

Stephen Hawking also said in chapter 6 of his Brief History of Time that physicist John Wheeler once calculated that a very powerful hydrogen bomb using all the deuterium in all the water on Earth could also generate such a black hole, but Hawking does not provide this calculation or any reference to it to support this assertion.

Stable micro black holes

Others have wondered about the basic assumptions of the quantum gravity program, and whether there is really a compelling case to believe in Hawking radiation¹¹. It is only these quantum assumptions which lead to the crisis at the Planck mass: in classical general relativity, a black hole could in principle be arbitrarily small, once created. Accordingly, it remains a possibility that a stable micro black hole could be created at the LHC, or that they are created in nature by high-energy impacts, only to zip through earth at nearly the speed of light¹². Some research speculates that the chances of these tiny black holes devouring the earth are absurdly implausible [3].

See also

v • d • e Black holes Formation Stellar evolution · Collapse · Compact star · Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit · Primordial black hole Properties Thermodynamics · Angular momentum · Charge · Size: Micro · Stellar · Intermediate-mass · Supermassive Features Event horizon · Singularity · Photon sphere · Ergosphere · Hawking radiation Metrics Schwarzschild · Kerr · Reissner-Nordström · Kerr-Newman Issues No hair theorem · Information paradox · Cosmic censorship · Alternative models

Fiction

• In David Brin's novel Earth a manmade micro blackhole slips into the core of the earth.
• In the short story How We Lost the Moon, A True Story by Frank W. Allen, which is actually written by Paul J. McAuley, a micro black hole is accidentally created on the moon, which gradually consumes it. [4]
• Larry Niven's Hugo Award-winning short story The Hole Man deals with a "quantum black hole".
• In the Guyver manga, it is one of the weapons used by Guyver Exceed.
• In John Reed's literary satire, "The Whole," or "Duh Whole" (published by Simon & Schuster/Pocket Books/MTV Books), a small black hole appears in the middle of the United States,¹³ proceeds to engulf four states, and is still growing, at novel's end.¹⁴
• In The Warlock Unlocked, monks of the order of Saint Vidicon on Christopher Stasheff's Gramarye think they may be able to create one, but do not because of the steep gravity gradient.

References

External links

• Astrophysical implications of hypothetical stable TeV-scale black holes
• A. Barrau & J. Grain, The Case for mini black holes : a review of the searches for new physics with micro black holes possibly formed at colliders
• Mini Black Holes Might Reveal 5th Dimension - Space.com