Orders of magnitude (data).html

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This is a list of multiples (by orders of magnitude) for digital information storage, measured in bits. This article assumes a descriptive attitude towards terminology, reflecting actual usage by the speakers of the language. That means three things:

A group of 8 bits in a computer is called a byte. A byte is the most common unit of measurement for computer architectures (megabytes, mebibytes, gigabytes, gibibytes, et cetera).
In architectures that are 16-bit or 32-bit, which operate on 2 or 4 bytes per clock cycle, that chunk of data is sometimes called a word, although such usage is typically limited to programmers and engineers.
The decimal prefixes kilo, mega etc. are strictly powers of 10. The powers of 2 are the binary prefixes kibi, mebi etc.

Accordingly, 8192 bits of data are a kibibyte and 8000 bits are a kilobyte.

1 kB (kilobyte) = 8000 bits
1 KiB (kibibyte) = 8192 bits
Therefore 1 KiB = 1.024 kB = 1024 bytes

**Orders of magnitude (data)**
Binary		Decimal		Item
Factor	Term	Factor	Term	Item
2⁰	bit	10⁰	bit	1 bit – 0 or 1, false or true, Low or High
2¹				2 bits – a crumb (rarely used term)
2¹				3 bits – the size of an octal digit
2²	nibble (also spelled nybble)			4 bits – (aka "nibble" or "semioctet", rarely used) the size of a hexadecimal digit
				5 bits – the size of code points in the Baudot code, used in telex communication
				6 bits – the size of code points in the Braille code, a tactile writing system for the blind
				7 bits – the size of code points in the ASCII character set
2³	byte			8 bits – (a.k.a. "octet") on many computer architectures. – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 8-bit computers (Apple II, Atari 800, Commodore 64, et al). – the "word size" (instruction length) for 8-bit console systems including: Atari 2600, Nintendo Entertainment System
		10¹	decabit	10 bits – minimum length to store a single group of 3 decimal digits – minimum bit length to store a single byte with error-correcting memory – minimum frame length to transmit a single byte with asynchronous serial protocols
				12 bits – wordlength of the PDP-8 of Digital Equipment Corporation (built from 1965 -1990)
2⁴				16 bits – in many programming languages, the size of an integer capable of holding 65,536 different values – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 16-bit computers (IBM PC) – the "word size" (instruction length) for 16-bit console systems including: Super Nintendo, Mattel Intellivision
2⁵				32 bits (4 bytes) – size of an integer capable of holding 4,294,967,296 different values – size of an IEEE 754 single-precision floating point number – size of addresses in IPv4, the current Internet protocol – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 32-bit computers (Commodore Amiga, Apple Macintosh, Pentium-based PC). – the "word size" (instruction length) for various console systems including: Sega Genesis, PlayStation, GameCube, Xbox, Wii
				36 bits – size of word on Univac 1100-series computers and Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-10
				56 bits (7 bytes) – cipher strength of the DES encryption standard
2⁶				64 bits (8 bytes) – size of an integer capable of holding 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 different values – size of an IEEE 754 double-precision floating point number – Equivalent to 1 "word" on 64-bit computers (Power, PA-Risc, Alpha, Itanium, Sparc, x86-64 PCs and Macintoshes). – the "word size" (instruction length) for 64-bit console systems including: Nintendo 64, PlayStation 2, Playstation 3, Xbox 360
				80 bits (10 bytes) – size of an extended precision floating point number, for intermediate calculations that can be performed in floating point units of most processors of the x86 family
		10²	hectobit	100 bits
2⁷				128 bits (16 bytes) – size of addresses in IPv6, the emerging Internet protocol – minimum cipher strength of the Rijndael and AES encryption standards, and of the widely used MD5 cryptographic message digest algorithm
2⁷				160 bits – maximum key length of the SHA-1, standard Tiger (hash), and Tiger2 cryptographic message digest algorithms
2⁸				256 bits (32 bytes) – minimum key length for the recommended strong cryptographic message digests as of 2004^[update]
2⁹				512 bits (64 bytes) – maximum key length for the standard strong cryptographic message digests in 2004
2⁹		10³	kilobit	1000 bits
2¹⁰	kibibit			1024 bits (128 bytes)
2¹⁰	kibibit			1288 bits – approximate maximum capacity of a standard magnetic stripe card
2¹¹				2048 bits (256 bytes)
2¹²				4096 bits (512 bytes) – typical sector size, and minimum space allocation unit on computer storage volumes, with most file systems
				4704 bits (588 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with medium quality 8-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz (or 16-bit sampling at 22,050 Hz)
				8000 bits (10³ bytes) – one kilobyte
2¹³	kibibyte			8192 bits (1,024 bytes)
				9408 bits (1,176 bytes) – uncompressed single-channel frame length in standard MPEG audio (75 frames per second and per channel), with standard 16-bit sampling at 44,100 Hz
		10⁴		15,350 bits – one screen of data displayed on an 8-bit monochrome text console (80x24)
2¹⁴				16,384 bits (2 kibibytes)
2¹⁴				20,000 bits – approximate amount of information on a sheet of single-spaced typewritten paper
2¹⁵				32,768 bits (4 kibibytes)
2¹⁶				65,536 bits (8 kibibytes)
2¹⁶		10⁵		100,000 bits
2¹⁷				131,072 bits (16 kibibytes)
2¹⁷				150 kilobits – approximate size of this article as of 20 April 2007
2¹⁸				262,144 bits (32 kibibytes)
2¹⁹				524,288 bits (64 kibibytes)
2¹⁹		10⁶	megabit	1,000,000 bits
2²⁰	mebibit			1,048,576 bits (128 kibibytes)
2²⁰	mebibit			1,978,560 bits – a one-page, standard-resolution black-and-white fax (1728 × 1145 pixels)
2²¹				2,097,152 bits (256 kibibytes)
2²¹				4,147,200 bits – one frame of uncompressed NTSC DVD video (720 × 480 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)
2²²				4,194,304 bits (512 kibibytes)
				4,976,640 bits – one frame of uncompressed PAL DVD video (720 × 576 × 12 bpp Y'CbCr)
				8,343,400 bits – one "typical" sized photograph with reasonably good quality (1024 × 768 pixels).
2²³	mebibyte			8,388,608 bits (1024 kibibytes)
		10⁷		11,520,000 bits – capacity of a lower-resolution computer monitor (as of 2006), 800 × 600 pixels, 24 bpp
				11,796,480 bits – capacity of a 3.5 in floppy disk, colloquially known as 1.44 megabyte but actually 1.44 × 1000 × 1024 bytes
2²⁴				16,777,216 bits (2 mebibytes)
				25 megabits – amount of data in a typical color slide
				32,582,657 bits – size of the largest known Mersenne prime: All of its bits are 1.
2²⁵				33,554,432 bits (4 mebibytes)
				55,296,000 bits – capacity of a high-resolution computer monitor as of 2007, 1920 × 1200 pixels, 24 bpp
				50–100 megabits – amount of information in a typical phone book
2²⁶
		10⁸
				67,108,864 bit (8 mebibytes)
2²⁷				134,217,728 bits (16 mebibytes)
2²⁷				150 megabits – amount of data in a large foldout map
2²⁸				268,435,456 (32 mebibytes)
2²⁸				423,360,000 bits: a five-minute audio recording, in CDDA quality
2²⁹				536,870,912 bits (64 mebibytes)
2²⁹		10⁹	gigabit	1,000,000,000 bits
2³⁰	gibibit			1,073,741,824 bits (128 mebibytes)
2³¹				2,147,483,648 bits (256 mebibytes)
2³²				4,294,967,296 bits (512 mebibytes)
				5.45×10⁹ bits (650 mebibytes) – capacity of a regular compact disc
				5.89×10⁹ bits (702 mebibytes) – capacity of a large regular compact disc
				6.4×10⁹ bits – capacity of the human genome, 3.2×10⁹ base pairs (Each pair encodes two bits of data.)
2³³	gibibyte			8,589,934,592 bits (1024 mebibytes)
2³³	gibibyte	10¹⁰		10,000,000,000 bits
2³⁴				17,179,869,184 bits (2 gibibytes)
2³⁵				34,359,738,368 bits (4 gibibytes)
2³⁵				4.04×10¹⁰ bits (4.7 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-layer, single-sided DVD
2³⁶				68,719,476,736 bits (8 gibibytes)
2³⁶		10¹¹		100,000,000,000 bits
2³⁷				137,438,953,472 bits (16 gibibytes)
				1.46×10¹¹ bits (17 gigabytes) – capacity of a double-sided, dual-layered DVD
				2.15×10¹¹ bits (25 gigabytes) – capacity of a single-sided, single-layered 12-cm Blu-ray disc
2³⁸				274,877,906,944 bits (32 gibibytes)
2³⁹				549,755,813,888 bits (64 gibibytes)
2³⁹		10¹²	terabit	1,000,000,000,000 bits (125 gigabytes)
2⁴⁰	tebibit			1,099,511,627,776 bits (128 gibibytes) more than 137 gigabytes
2⁴⁰	tebibit			1.6×10¹² bits (200 gigabytes) – capacity of a hard disk that would be considered average as of 2008^[update]
2⁴¹				2,199,023,255,552 bits (256 gibibytes)
2⁴¹				(approximately) 4.12×10¹² bits – as of 2002^[update], data of π to the largest number of digits ever calculated (1.24×10¹²)
2⁴²				4,398,046,511,104 bits (512 gibibytes)
2⁴³	tebibyte			8,796,093,022,208 bits (1024 gibibytes)
2⁴³	tebibyte	10¹³		10,000,000,000,000 bits (1.25 terabytes) – capacity of a human being's functional memory, according to Raymond Kurzweil in The Singularity Is Near, p. 126
2⁴⁴				17,592,186,044,416 bits (2 tebibytes)
2⁴⁵				35,184,372,088,832 bits (4 tebibytes)
2⁴⁶				70,368,744,177,664 bits (8 tebibytes)
2⁴⁶		10¹⁴		100,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁴⁷				140,737,488,355,328 bits (16 tebibytes)
2⁴⁷				1.5×10¹⁴ bits (18.75 terabytes) – amount of text in the Library of Congress, if it were all digitized
2⁴⁸				281,474,976,710,656 bits (32 tebibytes)
2⁴⁹				562,949,953,421,312 bits (64 tebibytes)
2⁴⁹		10¹⁵	petabit	1,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁰	pebibit			1,125,899,906,842,624 bits (128 tebibytes)
2⁵⁰	pebibit			2.4×10¹⁵ bits (300 terabytes) – size of the Internet Archive in As of 2004^[update]
2⁵¹				2,251,799,813,685,248 bits (256 tebibytes)
2⁵²				4,503,599,627,370,496 bits (512 tebibytes)
2⁵²				8,000,000,000,000,000 bits (10¹⁵ bytes) – one petabyte
2⁵³	pebibyte			9,007,199,254,740,992 bits (1024 tebibytes)
2⁵³	pebibyte	10¹⁶		10,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁴				18,014,398,509,481,984 bits (2 pebibytes)
2⁵⁵				36,028,797,018,963,968 bits (4 pebibytes)
2⁵⁵				4.5×10¹⁶ bits (5.625 petabytes) – estimated hard drive space in Google's server farm in As of 2004^[update]
2⁵⁶				72,057,594,037,927,936 bits (8 pebibytes)
2⁵⁶		10¹⁷		100,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁵⁷				144,115,188,075,855,872 bits (16 pebibytes)
2⁵⁸				288,230,376,151,711,744 bits (32 pebibytes)
2⁵⁹				576,460,752,303,423,488 bits (64 pebibytes)
				8 ×10¹⁷, the storage capacity of the fictional Star Trek character Data
		10¹⁸	exabit	1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁰	exbibit			1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bits (128 pebibytes)
2⁶⁰	exbibit			1.6×10¹⁸ bits (200 petabytes) – total amount of printed material in the world
2⁶¹				2,305,843,009,213,693,952 bits (256 pebibytes)
2⁶²				4,611,686,018,427,387,904 bits (512 pebibytes)
2⁶³	exbibyte			9,223,372,036,854,775,808 bits (1024 pebibytes)
2⁶³	exbibyte	10¹⁹		10,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁴				18,446,744,073,709,551,616, bits (2 exbibytes)
2⁶⁵				36,893,488,147,419,103,232, bits (4 exbibytes)
2⁶⁶				73,786,976,294,838,206,464, bits (8 exbibytes)
2⁶⁶		10²⁰		100,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁶⁷				147,573,952,589,676,412,928 bits (16 exbibytes)
2⁶⁸				295,147,905,179,352,825,856 bits (32 exbibytes)
2⁶⁹				590,295,810,358,705,651,712 bits (64 exbibytes)
2⁶⁹		10²¹	zettabit	1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
2⁷⁰	zebibit			1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bits (128 exbibytes)
2⁷¹				2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 bits (256 exbibytes)
2⁷²				4,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 bits (512 exbibytes)
2⁷³	zebibyte			9,444,732,965,739,290,427,392 bits (1024 exbibytes)
		10²²		10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits
		10²²		1.8×10²² bits (2.25 zettabytes) – amount of information that can be stored in 1 gram of DNA

For comparison's sake, the Avogadro constant is 6.02214179(30)×10²³ entities per mole, based upon the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon.

External links

a collection of estimates of the quantities of data contained by the various media

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