Proventriculus.html

The proventriculus is part of the digestive system of birds, invertebrates and insects.¹

Birds

The proventriculus is a standard part of avian anatomy. It is generally a glandular part of the stomach that may store and/or commence digestion of food before it progresses to the gizzard.²

The Encarta (2007) holds that the proventriculus is:

...part of bird's stomach: the first part of a bird's stomach, where digestive enzymes are mixed with food before it goes to the gizzard. It is analogous to the gizzard in insects and crustaceans. ³

Dr. Thomas Caceci (undated) discusses the proventriculus of the avian stomach and opines that:

The proventriculus is the glandular portion of the avian compound stomach, and a rather peculiar organ it is. There's nothing like it in mammals.⁴

Notes

^ Encarta World English Dictionary [North American Edition] (2007). Proventriculus. Source: [1] (accessed: December 18, 2007)
^ Source: [2] (accessed: December 18, 2007)
^ Encarta World English Dictionary [North American Edition] (2007). Proventriculus. Source: [3] (accessed: December 18, 2007)
^ Caceci, Thomas (undated). Proventriculus. Source: [4] (accessed: December 18, 2007)

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Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract

Upper GI

To stomach	Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus (UES, LES) • Crop

Stomach	rugae – gastric pits – cardia/gland – fundus/gland – pylorus/gland – pyloric antrum – pyloric canal – greater curvature – lesser curvature – angular incisure

Lower GI

Intestine: small	Duodenum (Suspensory muscle, Major duodenal papilla, Minor duodenal papilla) • Duodenojejunal flexure • Jejunum • Ileum • Ileocecal valve continuous (intestinal villus, crypts of Lieberkühn, circular folds)

Intestine: large	Vermiform appendix • Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) continuous (taenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendix)

Termination	Rectum: Houston valve • rectal ampulla • pectinate line Anal canal: anal valves • anal sinuses • anal columns • Hilton's white line Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle

Lymph	GALT: Peyer's patches (M cells)

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Proventriculus.html

Birds

See also

Notes