Schistosoma haematobium.html |
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| Schistosoma haematobium | ||||||||||||||
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 Histopathology of bladder shows eggs of Schistosoma haematobium surrounded by intense infiltrates of eosinophils.
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| Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852) |
Schistosoma haematobium is an important digenetic trematode, and is found in the Middle East, India, Portugal and Africa. It is a major agent of schistosomiasis; more specifically, it is associated with urinary schistosomiasis.
Adults are found in the Venous plexuses around the urinary bladder and the released eggs traverse the wall of the bladder causing haematuria and fibrosis of the bladder. The bladder becomes calcified, and there is increased pressure on ureters and kidneys otherwise known as hydronephrosis. Inflammation of the genitals due to S. haematobium may contribute to the propagation of HIV.1 Studies have shown the relationship between S. haematobium infection and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder.2
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Diagnosis
The majority of diagnosis’ are done by examination of the urine for eggs. In chronic infections, or if eggs are difficult to find, an intradermal injection of schistosome antigen to form a wheal is effective in determining infection. Alternate diagnosis’ can be done by complement fixation tests.3
Prevention
The main cause of schistomiasis is the dumping of human waste into water supplies. Hygienic disposal of waste would be sufficient to eliminate the disease.3
Immunopathology
The immune system responds to eggs in liver causing hypersensitivity; an immune response is necessary to prevent damage to hepatocytes. The hosts' antibodies which bind to the tegument of the Schistosome don't bind for long since the tegument is shed every few hours. The schistosome can also take on host proteins. Schistomiasis can be divided into three phases: (1) the migratory phase lasting from penetration to maturity,(2) the acute phase which occurs when the schistosomes begin producing eggs, and (3) the chronic phase which occurs mainly in endemic areas.3
Pathology
The ova are initially deposited in the muscularis propria which leads to ulceration of the overlaying tissue. Infections are characterized by pronounced acute inflammation, squamous metaplasia, blood and reactive epithelial changes. Granulomas and multinucleated giant cells may be seen.
Treatment
The drug of choice is praziquantel, a quinolone derivative.
References
- ^ Leutscher PD, Pedersen M, Raharisolo C, et al. (2005). "Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals". J Infect Dis 191 (10): 1639–47. doi:. PMID 15838790.
- ^ Khurana S, Dubey ML, Malla N (April 2005). "Association of parasitic infections and cancers". Indian J Med Microbiololgy 23 (2): 74-79. doi:.
- ^ a b c Black, J. (2005). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations. Wiley, New York.
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