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Third World Socialism was a variant of Socialism preached by Nyerere, al-Bitar, Aflaq, Nasser, Nehru, Ben-Gurion1, Muammar al-Gaddafi, Zulfikar Bhutto, Buddhadasa and other such socialist leaders of the Third World who saw a non-soviet/non-communist version of socialism as the answer to a strong and developed nation.
It may be described as an ideologically specific form of third worldism, and it is made up of African Socialism, Arab Socialism, Nasserism, Nehruism, Labour Zionism2, Islamic Socialism (although Gaddafi's version was obviously soviet-aligned and Bhutto's was western-aligned and resembled, allied and inspired itself in democratic socialism/social democracy and as such had membership in the Socialist International) and Buddhist socialism. Kemalism can arguably be added to the listcitation needed, as it happeared before the notion of Third World was created in post-World War II, it added populism to the equation, and Turkey is more developed than the typical notion of a Third World Country. But as it was used as a model of government after the Turkish Independence War to rebuild Turkey and recover it from the underdeveloppement of Ottoman Turkey, creating a strong nation in face of the prospect of European Colonialism, it can be considered as reaching the templates of a Third World Socialism movement. Anyway, the Kemalist experiment, fabian socialism (and social democracy in general3) and the main Third World Communist regime, China4, were big influences on the movement.
Iran experienced a short Third World Socialism period under the rise of the Tudeh Party after the abdication of the Sha. After failing to reach power, Mossadegh's populist semi-socialist soviet-aligned Iranian nationalism of the National Front party replaced Third World Socialism as the main anti-monarchy force in Iran, reaching power (1949 - 1953), and it remained with that strength even in opposition (after the overthrowning of Mossadegh) until the rise of islamism and the Islamic Revolution.5 The Tudeh has moved towards basic socialist communism since6.
List of Third World Socialist Countries
AFRICA
- Angola, 1975–1990/91
- Benin, 1972–1989
- Burkina Faso, 1983–1987
- Burundi, 1966–1993
- Cape Verde, 1975–1991
- Congo, 1963–1991
- Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), 1970–1991 [under Mobutu's rule, until he formed a coalition government and chose moderate Bernardin Mungul Diaka as Prime Minister]
- Equatorial Guinea, 1968–1979
- Eritrea, 1993–present
- Ethiopia, 1974–1991
- Ghana, 1957–1966
- Guinea, 1958–1984
- Guinea-Bissau, 1974–1991
- Kenya, 1965–1991 [till the end of the Kenya African National Union one-party period
- Madagascar, 1975–1992
- Mali, 1960–1968, 1974–1992
- Mauritius, 1982–1993
- Mozambique, 1975–1990
- Namibia, 1989–present [the list counts the SWAPO rule since the UN-supervisioned elections who elected Sam Nujoma as President]
- Rwanda, 1975–1991
- Sao Tome and Principe, 1975–1990
- Senegal, 1952–present
- Seychelles, 1977–1993
- Sierra Leone, 1967–1991 [under the then soviet-aligned, now liberal All People's Congress government, till the multi-party consitution passed by Joseph Saidu Momoh
- Somalia, 1969–1991
- South Africa, 1994–present [since the fall of Apartheid, South Africa it has been ruled by the Populist Social Democrats of the Third World Socialism school of the ANC
- Tanzania, 1962–1992
- Togo, 1967–1992 [under Gnassingbé Eyadéma one-party stage]
- Tunisia, 1957–1987
- Uganda, 1966–1971
- Zambia, 1965–1991
- Zimbabwe, 1980–1991
MIDDLE EAST
- Algeria, 1962–1991
- Iraq, 1968–present [this list was made before the 2003 Invasion
- Egypt, 1954–1980
- Sudan, 1969–1985
- Syria, 1963–present
- PDR Yemen, 1967–1990
- Republic of Turkey, 1923-1940
ASIA
- Bangladesh, 1970–1975
- Burma (Myanmar), 1962–1988
- Cambodia, 1955–1970
- India, 1947–present
- Indonesia, 1949–1967
- Nepal, 1959–1960, 1994–1995 [the alternative found to the extinct (1990) Panchayat system, under King Birendra
- Pakistan, 1971–1977
- Sri Lanka, 1956–1977, 1994–present
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN
- Argentina, 1946–1955, 1973–1976 [under the second populist presidency of (now-sightly Third World Socialist) Juan Perón and Isabel Perón
- Aruba, 1989–1994
- Barbados, 1976–1986, 1994–present
- Bolivia, 1952–1964
- Chile, 1932, 1970–1973
- Costa Rica, 1942–1948, various from 1949–present
- Curaçao, 1979–1984, 1985–1988
- Dominican Republic, 1962, 1978–1986 [the author counts the policies of Presidents: Joaquín Amparo Balaguer Ricardo (then Reformist, future Social Christian Reformist Party), Silvestre Antonio Guzmán Fernández (Dominican Revolutionary), Jacobo Majluta Azar (Dominican Revolutionary) and Salvador Jorge Blanco (Dominican Revolutionary)
- El Salvador, 1979–1992
- Grenada, 1979–1983
- Guatemala, 1944–1954
- Guyana, 1953, 1957–present
- Jamaica, 1972–1980, 1989–present
- Peru, 1968–1975, 1985–1990
- Suriname, 1980–1987 [under the socialist non-partisan president Lachmipersad Frederick Ramdat Misier
- Venezuela, 1969–19897
References
- ^ "Heaven on Earth. The Film: Transcript - Revolutions: The Kibbutz".«The first two Prime Ministers [Ben-Gurion and Moshe Sharett were kibbutz members.» That proves they were zionist utopian socialists in the half-fabian socialist tradition of Third World Socialism.
- ^ "Heaven on Earth. The Film: Transcript - Revolutions: Julius Nyerere & Third World Socialism". «Much was unique about the Jewish state. But in choosing socialism as its strategy for development, Israel was part of a swelling tide. For the nations reaching for independence in the aftermath of World War II, state planning was held out as the quickest path to prosperity.»
- ^ "Changing Faiths - From the Prologue of Heaven on Earth". «This was a hybrid of communism and social democracy, exemplified by Julius Nyerere’s Tanzania, and modeled partly after Chinese Maoism, partly after British Fabianism».
- ^ "Changing Faiths - From the Prologue of Heaven on Earth". «This was a hybrid of communism and social democracy, exemplified by Julius Nyerere’s Tanzania, and modeled partly after Chinese Maoism, partly after British Fabianism.»
- ^ Dabashi, Hamid. "The End of Islamic Ideology - Iran".
- ^ Omidvar, M.. "Brief History of the Tudeh Party of Iran".
- ^ Muravchik, Joshua. "APPENDIX 2: HEAVEN ON EARTH - THIRD WORLD SOCIALIST COUNTRIES". Retrieved on 2002.